In this time i wanna explain something about toufl (Test
of English as a Foreign Language).
As you have heard, usually in toefl you hear just have 7 of 8 grammar of
them. In this time i will explain grammar that will be familiar in toefl test.
For the first time you must know carefully the basic of grammar in below:
NORMAL SENTENCE PATTERN IN ENGLISH
Subject (S) + Verb (V) + Complement (C) + Modifier (M)
1. Subject
the subject is the agent of the sentence in the active voice; it is the
person or thing that performs or is responsible for the action of the sentence,
and usually located before the verb. The subject may be a single noun (ex:
Coffee is delicious).
Examples of subjects :
·
We girls are not going to the movie
·
The bank closed at two o’clock
2. Verb
The verb follows the subject in a declarative sentence; it generally shows
the action of the sentence. The verb may be a single word (ex: John drives too
fast).
Examples of verbs :
·
She will go to Bali next week
·
He must has gone to the bank
·
Ani is watching television
3. Complement
A complement completes the verb. It is similar to the subject. A
complement answers the question what? Or whom?.
Examples of complements :
·
Nick was driving a new car
(what was Nick driving?
-> a new car)
·
She saw Zac Efron at the movies last night
(whom that she see at the movies? -> Zac Efron)
4. Modifier
A modifier tells the time, place, or manner of the action.
Examples of modifier :
·
Joe was swimming in the pool
·
Where was Joe swimming? -> in the pool
·
We ate dinner at seven o’clock
·
When did we eat dinner? -> at seven o’clock
Ok, after
you begun lesson the basic then we will see what the 7 or 8 grammar already
mentioned.
TENSES
1. Simple present tense
This tense is usually not use to indicate present time. However, it is used
to indicate present time (now) with the following stative verbs; know,
understand, have, believe, hate, need, hear love, appear, see, see, like seem,
smell, want, taste, wish, sound, and own. Simple present tense is also used to
indicate a regular or habitual action.
Examples :
·
We want to live now (stative
verb)
·
Kev usually walks to school everyday (habitual
action)
2. Present Progressive (continuous)
Subject +
{am; is; are} + [verb + ing]
The present progressive is used to indicate present time (now) with
all but the stative verbs listed previously. It is also used to indicate future
time.
Examples :
·
The secretary is typing the letter now (present
time)
·
We are flying to Mekkah next month (future
time)
3. Simple Past Tense
The simple past is used for a completed action that
happened at one specific time in the past.
Examples :
·
Jerry went to Spain last year
·
Mark washed the dishes after dinner
4. Past Progressive (continuous)
Use of Past Progressive
a.. puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past
Example: He was playing football.
b. two actions happening at the same time (in the past)
Example: While she was preparing dinner,
he was washing the dishes.
c. action going on at a certain time in the past
Example: When I was having breakfast, the
phone suddenly rang
5. Present Perfect
Subject + [has/have] + [verb in past participle] …
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified
time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present
Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last
week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one
day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as:
ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet,
etc.
Examples :
·
I have seen that movie twenty times.
·
We have already written our reports
·
Maria hasn’t called her parents yet
6. Present Perfect Progressive (continuous)
Subject + [has/have] + been +
[verb+ing]
Use of Present Perfect Progressive
a. puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result)
Example: She has been writing for two hours.
b. action that recently stopped or is still going on
Example: I have been living here since 2001.
c. finished action that influenced the present
Example: I have been working all afternoon.
7. Past Perfect
Subject + had + [verb in past participle]…
Examples :
·
You had studied English before you moved to New York.
·
John went home after he had gone to
the store
8. Past Perfect Progressive (continuous)
Subject + had + been + [verb+ing]…
Examples :
Nate had been working at the university forforty-five
years before he retired
